Penicillin is bactericidal as it disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to lysis, whereas tetracycline and chloramphenicol are bacteriostatic.

Epinephrine acts on alpha and beta receptors to counteract the severe hypotension, bronchospasm, and swelling seen in anaphylaxis.

Sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride) block ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels in beta cells, leading to depolarization and insulin release.

Phenytoin can cause gingival hyperplasia due to its effect on fibroblast activity, leading to excessive gum tissue growth.

Digoxin slows conduction through the AV node and increases vagal tone, making it effective in controlling ventricular response in atrial fibrillation.